Humus

Humus is the organic matter above the topsoil and below leaf litter which is finely divided having a high surface area. It is derived from decomposition of plant and animal substances. Humus, which ranges in colour from brown to black, is largely composed of carbon, and contains high amounts of nitrogen, and smaller amounts of phosphorus and sulfur.

Humus retains moisture in the topsoil, in particular in soils with a coarse texture.
Humus is the Latin word for "ground" or "earth".

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Source: Wikipedia · Image: Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0

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